Free educational articles for physical security professionals.
Physical security tools have evolved from standalone analog devices to highly interconnected digital systems. Modern security devices interact extensively with the IT infrastructure, potentially introducing new threats and vulnerabilities. Therefore, choosing and implementing physical security tools today requires a strategic approach that balances functionality and manageability with cybersecurity and physical security requirements.
Regardless of the risks associated with their implementation, the adoption rate of physical security tools cannot be understated. According to a 2023 study by Markets and Markets, the global physical security market is projected to reach $136.9 billion by 2028, highlighting their growing importance in organizations.
This article explores nine fundamental tools and technologies driving transformation in the physical security space. We highlight practical tips for effective implementation, explore key use cases, examine potential vulnerabilities associated with deployment, and provide approaches for mitigating risks and reducing the attack surface.
The table below summarizes the nine types of physical security tools this article will explore in detail.
| Tool category | Examples |
|---|---|
| Surveillance tools | Analog and IP cameras, Network Video Recorders (NVR), Digital Video Recorders (DVR), Video Management Software (VMS), and analytics integrations (motion detection, intrusion detection, number plate recognition, etc) |
| Access control systems | Card readers, biometric scanners, keypad entry systems, turnstiles, speed gates, and access control software manage entry by authenticating user credentials. |
| Alarm systems | Wired, wireless, and hybrid systems use sensors, control panels, outputs, and communication devices to alert security teams of breaches. |
| Intrusion detection systems | Sensors such as motion detectors, door contacts, vibration sensors, and shooter detection systems identify the presence of unauthorized personnel, attempted access in a restricted area, or active threats. |
| Perimeter security tools | Electric fencing, razor wires, fiber-optic vibration detectors, and beam sensors detect, deter, and prevent unauthorized access through the perimeter. |
| Fire safety tools | Combines detection and suppression systems and tools, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, automatic sprinklers, addressable and non-addressable fire alarm systems |
| Identification and verification tools | Devices used for reading fingerprints, facial recognition, palm scans, secret PINs, and passwords. |
| Physical security device management | Centralize monitoring and management of physical security devices to provide comprehensive asset inventory, password rotation, up-to-date patching, compliance reporting, etc. |
| Communication tools | video intercom (2-wire and IP) that enables communication between entry points and control rooms |
Monitor the health of physical security devices and receive alerts in real-time
Automate firmware upgrades, password rotations & certificate management
Generate ad hoc and scheduled compliance reports
Surveillance tools provide real-world visibility in physical security systems. Modern surveillance tools are more than just tools for recording and storing video footage. They’ve evolved into intelligent systems that deliver actionable insights, empowering security teams to respond proactively to potential threats. These systems integrate advanced analytics and machine learning to tailor monitoring solutions for various industries.
There are several different subcategories of surveillance tools for physical security use cases. The sections below detail three common surveillance system components.
PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom), multi-lens, and thermal Imaging cameras provide diverse capabilities for specific use cases. Use thermal cameras in areas with low visibility or applications that require temperature measurement. For example, some construction sites have an insurance requirement for fire detection cameras.
PTZ cameras are ideal for dynamic environments and those that need to focus on specific areas of interest. Avoid placing cameras too high, which can distort facial features, or too low, which a burglar can be obstructed.
Analog and IP cameras are each suitable for different applications based on budget and existing infrastructure. Opt for IP cameras to achieve higher resolution, remote access, and scalability, ensuring a future-proof security solution.
Analog and IP camera combined system design. (Source)
VMS like Genetec and Milestone are important in security operations as they help in managing video feeds, access credentials, and real-time threat responses. When configuring a VMS, IP cameras (IPC) and recorders are added over a Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). To enhance security, it’s essential to isolate the surveillance system from the core network using a dedicated Virtual LAN (VLAN) and implement strong encryption protocols for secure data transmission and storage.
Network video recorders (NVRs) and digital video recorders (DVRs) store video footage. Configure video Compression using standards like H.265+ to reduce storage and bandwidth requirements without compromising quality.
Analytics capabilities in surveillance tools include features such as motion detection, line-crossing alerts, intrusion detection, facial recognition, and behavior analysis makes monitoring proactive rather than reactive. Engineers should configure analytics capabilities to focus on high-priority zones and activities.
Access control systems restrict or grant access to a physical location based on authorization and authentication parameters. When working with access control systems, you interact with hardware and software tools that manage physical entry by verifying credentials. These systems are often adapted for time and attendance tracking and integrated with other physical security solutions.
Access control readers can operate independently or be linked to controllers. Each mode has pros and cons, but whatever mode you settle on, always ensure the system is connected to a suitable management software. This provides secure storage for event logs, door override capabilities, and better scalability. Ideally, you should set up either off-site or cloud-based backups, with cloud-based being the recommended option.
As organizations implement these systems, they should use multifactor authentication (MFA) and institute regular updates of access credentials. Centralized management is also essential, especially if they manage multiple sites.
For the hardware, you’ll work with devices like card readers, biometric scanners, keypads, turnstiles, and speed gates, depending on the application scenario.
Alarm systems provide reliable detection and response to unauthorized activity and are integral to physical security. They are available in wired, wireless, and hybrid configurations, each suited to specific applications. These systems consist of three primary components:
Use wired or hybrid alarm systems to avoid interference in areas with heavy metallic walls, such as bank vaults. In retrofit installations, especially residential ones, choose wireless systems that use technologies such as Zigbee or Z-Wave, which offer mesh networking and strong encryption. Hybrid systems are suitable for larger or more complex projects.
Secure control panels by placing them in locked boxes with tamper switches for monitoring. Opt for control panels or communication modules that provide multi-path communication channels (e.g., cellular, WIFI, and Ethernet) for redundancy. Battery backups maintain system functionality during power outages. Additionally, you should use software platforms that automatically detect and update firmware for control panels and peripheral devices to ensure the system remains secure and up-to-date.
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) use sensors and technologies to monitor and detect unauthorized access in restricted areas. IDS components include motion sensors, door contacts, and shock sensors. IDS can be integrated with mobile applications for remote monitoring and with CCTV for video verification.
When designing and installing an IDS, position motion sensors away from HVAC vents and windows to avoid false triggers caused by drafts or temperature fluctuations. In areas with environmental variability, use multi-technology motion detectors (for instance PIR, microwave, and ultrasonic) to minimize false alarms further.
Shooter detection systems use acoustic and infrared sensors to identify gunfire, triggering real-time alerts and automated security responses. These systems integrate with surveillance cameras and access control to automate lockdown procedures and enhance response coordination. Common in high-risk environments, they enhance situational awareness and minimize response times.
Perimeter protection tools, such as beam detectors, LiDAR sensors, fiber-optic vibration detectors, electric fencing, and razor wires, are the first line of defense in securing a property. These tools provide early detection and delay intrusions, allowing time for response teams to act.
Popular perimeter protection tools include;
Fire safety tools provide fire detection or suppression capabilities. Smoke detectors, available as ionization or photoelectric types, identify airborne particulates from combustion, while heat detectors activate when temperatures exceed thresholds or rise rapidly. Place detectors strategically in high-risk areas and integrate them with centralized control panels for real-time monitoring. In high-smoke environments such as kitchens, heat detectors are opted for instead of smoke detectors to reduce the likelihood of false triggers.
How a fire alarm system works from detection to response. (Source)
Suppression systems complement detection tools by containing or extinguishing fires. Portable fire extinguishers, tailored to fire classes, offer immediate response, while automated systems like sprinklers, gas-based systems, and foam systems address specific environmental needs. Prioritize system zoning and integration with detection tools.
These tools are used in alarm and access control systems to identify unique credentials and determine whether to grant or deny access or egress. In access control, they apply to human and vehicular systems and verify identities at restricted doors, boom barriers, turnstiles, and vestibules.
Standard credentials include fingerprints, facial recognition, palm scans, secret PINs, and passwords. Encrypting such security-related data is essential to protect against unauthorized access and breaches. Biometric authentication methods like fingerprint and palm recognition are prone to errors due to wear, injuries, or environmental factors.
To mitigate misreads, design your system with redundancy in credentials, using facial recognition as the primary method. For high-security zones, implement multi-credential or multi-user authentication, requiring multiple users to verify their identity or one user to verify at multiple levels.
For alarm systems, allow users to define their arming credentials. A user-friendly approach involves sending a PIN configuration link, enabling users to set their PIN directly. Ensure these credentials are securely written into the database and implement a policy for regular PIN changes.
Communication tools such as intercom systems enable communication between secured entry points and control rooms and are occasionally used for internal communication within facilities. Video intercoms integrate video surveillance with communication and usually include cloud connectivity, allowing users to monitor and manage their systems remotely.
IP intercom solutions, for instance, in a common building, will use the existing network and often connect with the Internet for remote access, creating a potential cyberattack surface. Mitigate such vulnerabilities by ensuring regular firmware updates and configuring the systems on a separate VLAN.
Video intercom connection diagram
Physical security device management provides a centralized interface for monitoring and maintaining security devices connected to IP networks, such as cameras, access control systems, alarm systems, and intercoms. Physical security device management ensures that security hardware remains functional, secure, and compliant.
It encompasses three key areas:
The SecuriThings enterprise platform provides summarized insights into the performance of physical security tools, improving operational efficiency and minimizing downtime.
Physical security management software also integrates products from multiple vendors, such as Hanwha, Lenel, Axis, and Genetec, into a unified platform. This system creates a centralized inventory and management console for all physical security management tools.
How physical security devices are managed
Physical security tools are key to protecting assets and mitigating risks in today’s interconnected world. Each tool plays a role in maintaining security, from access control to surveillance, intrusion detection, and fire safety systems. Proper implementation demands careful planning, integration, and adherence to best practices to eliminate potential vulnerabilities.
Adopting modern technologies, such as centralized management software and advanced analytics, allows organizations to enhance their security posture and respond proactively to threats. Investing in these tools ensures better protection, operational efficiency, and long-term organizational resilience.
